Peptides are widely used across scientific disciplines because of their modular structure and ability to interact with precise biological pathways. This chapter explores major research applications, including neurochemistry, metabolism, tissue...
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Peptides behave very differently depending on how they are delivered into the body. This chapter compares subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intranasal administration, explaining how each route affects absorption, stability, and exposure...
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Peptide pharmacokinetics determine how peptides are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and cleared inside biological systems. Because peptides are hydrophilic and protease-sensitive, they often exhibit short half-lives and fast elimination. This chapter...
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Peptides are chemically sensitive molecules whose behavior depends heavily on temperature, pH, and storage conditions. This chapter explains the major degradation pathways—hydrolysis, oxidation, deamidation, and aggregation—and how they impact peptide...
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Purification and analytical testing are essential steps in transforming a crude peptide into a reliable research material. This chapter explains how HPLC separates the desired peptide from impurities, how mass...
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Peptide synthesis is the core technology that makes modern peptide research possible. This chapter covers how peptides are assembled using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), why protecting groups and resins matter,...
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Peptides are short chains of amino acids that play essential roles in signaling, structure, and biochemical regulation. This chapter explains what peptides are, how amino acids determine their behavior, and...
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Peptide research requires strict quality control, accurate analysis, and disciplined laboratory practices to ensure reproducible results. This chapter covers the essential analytical tools—HPLC, mass spectrometry, NMR, and sequencing—as well as...
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Peptide science is moving into a new era shaped by computational design, advanced chemistry, and innovative delivery strategies. This chapter explores the emerging technologies that will define the next decade,...
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Peptide science offers powerful research tools, but these molecules also come with real biochemical and practical limitations. This chapter explains the key challenges researchers encounter, including short half-lives, formulation problems,...
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